https://www.cittaveganizakaya.de/
https://maps.app.goo.gl/hdcnRHzYzvCrC3dt9
Grindelhof 17, 20146 Hamburg
In the past 3 years, many ethnographers of ecologically-inflected wellness movements have seen an
unprecedented rise in what Ward and Voas (2011) first termed ‘conspirituality’. Conspirituality is
both coherent with and a departure from the history of esotericism in combining fears of a
corrupted social present, and a firm belief in the inevitability of forthcoming ecological and...
Ida Pajunen
MA SOAS University of London - Traditions of Yoga & Meditation
MPhil University of Cambridge - Gender Studies
This paper begins with the paradox of women in yoga: how did yoga come to be practiced by women, when prior to the twentieth century physical yoga was primarily a practice for high caste men? The answer suggested in this paper is nationalism.
This paper argues that...
The cakras of yoga have fascinated interpreters ever since the tantric body entered Anglophone discourse and scholarship in the late nineteenth century. While multiple authors in this period advanced biomedical interpretations of the tantric body, the consensus of modern scholarship is that the tantric body is a ‘visionary’ body or mental construct without empirical basis. This essay seeks an...
What can or should yoga practitioners and teachers do with the research findings of yoga scholarship? What are the specific implications for contemporary yoga practice? Whilst increasing opportunities exist to be taught by academics and researchers in this area, enthusiastic learners are still often left on their own to ponder the significance of this information on their practice and...
A few years back, Mark Singleton suggested that we consider the term “yoga” as it refers to modern postural practice as a homonym, instead of a synonym, of the “yoga” associated with the philosophical system of Patañjali, or the “yoga” that forms an integral component of the Śaiva Tantras (Singleton 2010, 15). Perhaps the same suggestion could be made when considering the many techniques that...
Malik Muḥammad Jāyasī’s poem Padumāvat, composed in Old Awadhi in 1540, is the most famous Sufi composition of the premākhyān genre. Due to its popularity, it has been adapted into Persian and several South Asian languages. The Middle Bengali version, called Padmābatī, was produced by the excellent poet Ālāol in 1651. He not only retained most of the yogic elements from Jāyasī’s work,...
This talk illuminates the complexity of generalizing and individualizing in Iyengar yoga alignment practices aimed at women. It examines the pedagogical strategies and rhetorical framing used to teach alignment in women-oriented Iyengar yoga classes. It first explores the dialectical tension between three pedagogical methods: (1) general postural instructions aimed at all bodies, (2)...
This paper examines the centrality of Kuṇḍalinī among the early modern globalizers of yoga, especially Swami Vivekananda and Paramahansa Yogananda, as well as several more minor figures. While neither man referred to his system as “haṭha yoga”—of which Vivekananda is famously quoted as being dismissive at best—both put forth frameworks that are perfect examples of what James Mallinson has...
Abstract:
In 1967, the Indian Pandit Gopi Krishna (1903–1984) published his autobiographical account, Kundalini. The Evolutionary Energy in Man. The book revolves around a bodily experience, which he interpreted as the awakening of the Tantric energy notion of kuṇḍalinī. Research into kuṇḍalinī thenceforth developed into the major aim of his life. Along with a growing group of international...
The Yogapañcāśikā might be one of the earliest attempts to integrate Haṭha and Rājayoga with Pātañjalayoga. The text is cited by name in a Sanskrit work called the Vivekamukura, which may have been composed in the late sixteenth century. Unlike other compilations on yoga from the early modern period, the Yogapañcāśikā is a short work of merely fifty verses that cites only the...
Over the past decade, victims/survivors have streamed forward to report sexual violence within the modern transnational yoga context, creating a distinct survivor movement: #metooyoga. Despite a growing body of victim/survivor narratives and investigative documentation, discussion of sexual abuse perpetrated by revered figures is conspicuously absent within the wider yoga community and...
This paper explores the Role of Absorption in Modern Postural Yoga (MPY). Yoga as a modern and secular practice is often linked with spirituality; the paper argues that the key to this association is mental absorption and a person’s ability to control their attention for a period to access, deep or light, Altered States of Consciousness (ASCs). Certain techniques, practices and modern rituals...
The Aparokṣānubhūti, attributed to Śaṅkarācārya, although probably written closer to the early sixteenth century, emerged as part of the growing response to the increased output of haṭhayoga texts. It incorporates a unique fifteen-part path of rājayoga—including a redefined, brahman-centric version of the aṅgas of Patañjali that similarly culminates in samādhi—into the Advaitic core...
Yoga continues to be popularly employed in mainstream spaces such as corporations, educational institutions, and elitist networks. Recently, there has been a global uptick of yoga’s deployment by far-right political entities, such as police academies, detention facilities, vigilante groups, armed forces, and law enforcement programs. While existing literature advances critical understandings...
Most practitioners of modern postural yoga (MPY) are white, non-South Asians who do not identify MPY practice with Hinduism or with religion. And yet, as Lucia (2020) discusses, many seek “authenticity” by appealing to (exoticised) South Asian religious and cultural forms, and experience this authenticity as grounds for authority. This paper contributes to this discussion through a case study...
At first glance the history and spread of yoga in German speaking countries is fairly well documented. In transnational comparison, local discourses on yoga were heavily influenced by German Romanticism, the new science of Depth psychology, and a well-established Indological scholarship. By the turn to the twentieth century, ‘yoga’ became a buzzword in exclusivist bourgeois circles: in the...
Abstract
The centrality of pain in ascetic experience has long been recognised. Tales of the sufferings of martyrs and anchorites abound in the literature. While we can also find many examples of painful practices in the Vedas and epics, there is less information available about its role in Modern Yoga. Indeed, the popular narrative of the use of Yoga for pain relief appears to argue...
The institutionalization of yoga as a therapeutic practice in Western countries is the result of a secular cultural transformation. Patients’ expectations and changing demands cause modern medical doctors to start questioning the biomedical paradigm and searching for new methods to treat chronic diseases, stress, cancer, and ultimatly reflecting on the way they intend prevention. This research...
As recent work on Pāśupata asceticism by Jonker has shown (2021), liberating “union” (yoga) with Śiva was to be achieved through the practitioner’s self-induced death, by the method known to later yogic traditions as “climbing up” (utkrānti), whereby the soul leaves the body and ascends. In this paper, I explore this idea from another direction, through a granular examination of Pāśupata...
This talk introduces my upcoming empirical research on BIPOC and LGBTQ+ yoga practitioners' experiences of yoga in Finland. Contemporary yoga appears as liberal, empowering and subversive on the surface, but has been criticised for complicity in oppressive structures, such as whiteness, patriarchy, and heterosexism (Jain 2020; Lucia 2020; Balizet & Myers 2016). Within the scene of yoga and...
Jaroslaw Zapart, PhD, Assistant Professor at the Centre for Comparative Studies of Civilizations, Jagiellonian University.
My research revolves around the North Indian bhakti traditions of early modernity and concentrates on the analysis of religious ideology. I also deal with selected aspects of Mahāyāna Buddhist philosophy, pertaining especially to the tathāgatagarbha (buddha nature)...
Name: Amelia Wood
Bio: Amelia Wood is a PhD candidate at SOAS, University of London, researching abuses of power in modern transnational yoga contexts. She has presented work at several international conferences: the University of Chester Spiritual Abuse: Coercive Control in Religions conference (2021), the University of California, Riverside Religions and Sexual Abuse conference (2022) and...
This paper concerns the application of biomedical yoga intervention on sleep health in on-reserve Indigenous populations in Treaty 6 territory (rural Saskatchewan, Canada). Following a decade-long research relationships with rural Indigenous communities, and as part of a large-scale study of First Nations’ sleep health, our research team has designed and is implementing yoga interventions...
Prolonged hours of sitting at work among desk-based workers have been associated with a host of physical and mental health conditions. These conditions can lead to work disability, absenteeism, and a significant economic and psychosocial burden. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the effectiveness of yoga interventions on the well-being and productivity of desk-based...
Recent developments within modern postural yoga milieus – mainly bringing to light cases of sexual abuse – put into question the role of lineage in setting and transmitting standards of yoga practice. This opened new possibilities for yoga practitioners and instructors to consider moving their practice outside of the lineage format.
Within Iyengar Yoga, discontinuing affiliation is an...
Topics: Haṭhayoga, Textual Studies, Yoga History, Mantra
Unlike its Tantric and Āgamic scriptural predecessors, where mantra plays an elevated role within the doctrinal systems of Mantramārga praxis, in most medieval Yogaśāstras that feature Haṭhayoga, teachings on mantra are largely absent or assume a lesser status. The Dattātreyayogaśāstra states that Mantrayoga can be “mastered by...
Haribhadra provides an early glimpse into the reception of Yoga, reinterpreting its philosophy in light of Jain karma theory. This paper will examine the Yogabindu’s analysis of karma, its five-fold Yoga, and its descriptions of religious practices such paying attention to dreams, recollection of past lives, fasting, and performance of devotional ceremonies. The Yogabindu gives a succinct...
Patañjali was the name of a premodern Indian sage to whom important works on Sanskrit grammar, yoga philosophy and the medical system of Āyurveda are ascribed. In recent decades increasing attention has focused on Patañjali as the authority on and figurehead of yoga. Some authorities now also consider Patañjali a patron of music and dance, and in South Indian traditions he sometimes features...
Gurani Anjali (1935-2001) arrived to the United States in the 1950s before the major influx of immigration from India that would follow in the 1960s. She eventually established Yoga Anand Ashram in Amityville on Long Island, New York, where she taught Sāṃkhya-Yoga philosophy within the context of the United States’ countercultural and post-countercultural periods. Central to Anjali's...
In this paper, I will introduce my practice-led research Acoustemologies of Breath: Sounding and Listening in Contemporary Yoga, undertaken in collaboration with Professor Isabel Nogueira at UFRGS in Porto Alegre, Brazil. I take inspiration from Steven Feld’s (1992) concept of ‘acoustemology’ to theorise ‘sounding’ and ‘listening’ as a way of knowing in contemporary yoga practice. I foreground...
Metaethics may be characterised as the philosophical and soteriological framework in which a tradition’s implicit normative ethical theory and practical ethical precepts are embedded. This paper compares two traditions that contributed to the evolution of modern transnational yoga as it is currently practiced: Patañjali’s Yoga, exemplified in his Yogasūtra, based on the dualist Sāṃkhya system...
The Tamil yogin Sri Sabhapati Swami (ca. 1828–1936) is known for his elaborate visual depictions of the Royal Yoga for Śiva (Śivarājayoga), but much lesser known is the attention paid to musical poetry, mantra, and sound within his Sanskritic publications that span Tamil, Hindi, Bengali, and English language worlds. In addition to lyrical songs and poetic compositions, Sabhapati also included...
Drawing upon the work of Surendranath Dasgupta (1887-1952), this paper explores a set of deep and unexpected parallels between the ethical theories of Patañjali and the post-Kantian philosopher J. G. Fichte. In Yoga as Philosophy and Religion (1924), Dasgupta claims that Patañjali's Yoga Sūtras put forward two essential requirements for reaching ultimate liberation: (1) an ethical ideal of...
Interfaith Dialogue In Jain Yoga Texts
By Cogen Bohanec, MA, PhD
Assistant Professor in Sanskrit & Jain Studies, Arihanta Institute
Often Jains take Anekānta-vāda (“non-exclusivity”) as having implications for interfaith goodwill and acceptance, as a sort of philosophy of social-ahiṃsā (social “non-violence”), which can be taken as consistent with religious pluralism and interfaith...
Lucy May Constantini – PhD Candidate in Religious Studies at the Open University
lucymay.constantini@open.ac.uk
Yoga Darśana, Yoga Sādhana: Introspection, Inspiration, Institutionalisation
22-25 May 2024 University of Hamburg
Blended Ontologies: entanglements of yoga, martial arts and postmodern Indian dance
Abstract:
Emerging out of New York in the second half of the...
This paper seeks to contextualise Indian philosophy teacher Phiroz Mehta’s contribution to UK yoga culture between the 1930s and 1980s. It will consider how he blended Theosophy and yoga to form his own practice called 'Theorhythm' and how he pioneered health camps in Dorset during the 1930s that included Theorhythm sessions for mostly middle-class women. The paper will include interview...
Abstract: This paper aims to explore the concept of theistic yoga in the Īśvara Gītā (8th century CE) which is believed to a Śaiva text, especially a Pāśupata philosophical text. Many yogic texts do not accept the concept of God (Īśvara) or sometimes prescribe the worship of Īśvara for the attainment of liberation, but Īśvara is not conceived as the almighty Īśvara with Omni-attributes rather...
A form or another of dualism within the Sāṃkhya philosophical system has long been noticed and denounced. Early opponents of Sāṃkhya were quick to point out the inherent and problematic dualism they perceived in the system’s distinction between 1. puruṣa, the only metaphysical category representative of consciousness in the Sāṃkhyan list of twenty-five core realities (tattva-s), and 2....
Drawing on survey data, interviews and field notes, this paper describes the economic, social, and ethical considerations balanced by mainstream yoga teachers in choosing where to teach – the politics of yoga spaces. Using three archetypal yoga spaces: church hall, multi-use gym, and yoga studio, the case studies highlight demographic trends and multi-generational perspectives, from older...
In the 1970s, a regular flow of Hatha Yoga practitioners between Brazil and India was established, connecting yoga academies and research institutes in the two countries. However, the actual movement of ideas and people within such South-South yogic network was possible only due to the engagement of a small group of physical educators based in Rio de Janeiro with Hatha Yoga, initiated in the...
My name is Nikolai Suvorov, and I am a Ph.D. student at Universität Hamburg. In the recent past, I worked as a student assistant with Dr. Peter Pasedach. I worked on the creation of TEI (XML) transcript files of the two mahākāvyas surviving from 9th-century Kashmir, the Haravijaya and the Kapphiṇābhyudaya, and their commentaries, from digital images of the different witnesses represented in...
My paper will look at the teachings of Yogi Haider, a contemporary yoga teacher in Pakistan. Drawing from his online publications on YouTube and Facebook in Urdu and English, I will first analyze some of the ways he incorporates his yoga teachings into the Pakistani Panjabi context (e.g., his use of public spaces, specific dates, cultural references, and different languages). Secondly, I will...
This paper investigates the transition of prāṇa from a central deity to a mere element of the material world, one that must be restrained and even stopped in favor of the mind and the eternal ātman. Given the Vedic and early Upaniṣadic importance of prāṇa and the breath, how can we understand the restraint of prāṇa — prāṇāyāma — in classical and later yogic teachings?
In the early Upaniṣads,...
Kucha was an oasis kingdom that ruled the region centered around present Aksu Prefecture, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, People’s Republic of China, before the 10th century. The local population was mostly Buddhists before they converted to become Muslims around 9th and 10th centuries, and they carved numerous Buddhist cave monasteries and nunneries.
Those cave monasteries consisted of...
The techniques and theories connected to Yogic breathing are confusingly manifold. In this lecture we shall follow the history of one hardly known idea connected with Yogic or rather meditational breathing, namely breathing through the pores of one's skin. The idea is not widespread in
literature, but has a curious reception history, since it crops up over a long span of time. It is...
Christina Riebesell is lecturer at the Asia-Africa-Institute, Culture and History of India and Tibet at Hamburg University.
Christina’s research focusses on the History of Yoga, especially text-image-relationship of Illustrated Yoga Manuscripts bringing together her art historical competence as well as her knowledge of the History of Yoga Practice.
Prior to coming to Hamburg, Christina was...
A central practice to both premodern and modern yoga, prāṇāyāma (lit. “breath control”) is widely practised in yoga classes today. Yet, until now, it remained under-researched. Kraler’s PhD thesis “Yoga Breath: The Reinvention of Prāṇa and Prāṇāyāma in Early Modern Yoga” (2022) radically changes this. By carefully examining the history of modern prāṇāyāma between 1850 and 1945, it unearths...
Who is well Versed in Yoga: Insights from Yogaśatakam of Haribhadra
This paper delves into Yogaśatakam, an 8th-century medieval Jaina yoga text composed in Prakrit by Śvetāmbara Ācārya Haribhadra in verse style. As a yogic text, Yogaśatakam employs various Jain yoga techniques. The focus of this study is to examine the concept of the "efficient person in yoga" (adhikārī) within the...
Our understanding of the relationship between the different forms of Yoga and Vedānta philosophies stands to this day on works composed in Sanskrit (i.e. Fort 1998 for Advaita). The connection between Haṭhayoga in particular and Vedānta as well has been explored by scholars through Sanskrit textual sources (i.e. Bouy 1994). This paper proposes to enlarge our insight into the early modern...
Valters Negribs
Postdoctoral researcher at Groupe de recherches en études indiennes (EPHE/Sorbonne Nouvelle) with a fellowship from the Leverhulme Trust
DPhil Oriental Studies (Oxford)
MA Traditions of Yoga and Meditation (SOAS)
Rethinking Patañjali and āsana: The relationship between āsana (posture), sukha (bliss), and meditation in early Buddhism and Patañjali’s yoga
This paper...
What is an āsana for a sādhu? And what are the contexts and uses in which āsanas are performed? This presentation aims to unveil the different meanings of āsanas among contemporary sādhus, starting with āsana as the physical place to sit to practice any sādhanā. It will then present three typologies of āsanas – spiritual, physical, tapasic – and the contexts in which they are performed....
In the mid-1960s, the People’s Republic of Poland experienced a craze for hatha yoga. Popular magazines circulated self-help yoga instructions, well-known actresses endorsed its health benefits, and yoga classes could be found in central Warsaw. My paper provides an explanation for the (seemingly) paradoxical popularity of body-oriented yoga practices in a socialist country by tracing the...
One of the distinctive features of early Buddhist meditation was the wide range of awareness or attention practices of smṛti (sati). There is also an important role for smṛti in the Pātañjalayogaśāstra, where it appears in a variety of semantic contexts, not only in the mundane cognitive function of memory, but as an applied meditation technique of correct and clear recollection of objects of...
The Patañjalayogaśāstra states that "the purpose of yoga is to stop the turnings of the mind". Similar aims for meditation are found in other historical texts such as the Haṭha Yoga Pradīpikā and the Buddhist Pāli Canon, whilst in contemporary contemplative practices the idea that one should quiet the "monkey mind" is widespread. Given what we know about the human mind today, it is...
Menstruation for some is a sacred thread connecting women with their natural rhythms whilst for other, such as Kashmirian tantric brahmins, menstruation is ‘that which could not be suppressed in [the women of the cult], the monthly discharge of their inner depravity’ (Sanderson 1985:202). But it could be halted. Fourteenth century haṭha yoginīs draw up menstrual and sexual fluid inside their...
Rose Parkes
The Open University, UK
Rose Parkes is a part-time PhD student with the Open University, UK under the supervision of Dr Suzanne Newcombe (Religious Studies) and Dr Deborah Drake (Criminology). Her doctorate entitled ‘Neoliberal Yoga, Lived Religion and Prison Abolition’ seeks to evaluate the political and religious/spiritual beliefs of Prison Yoga Teachers and the extent to...
The collision of health inequalities exposed by the Covid-19 pandemic and social inequities raised through the resurgence of the Black Lives Matter movement following the murder of George Floyd put a spotlight on the treatment of black bodies in world of white privilege. In contemporary yoga settings, this led to discussions around inclusion on the basis of race, gender and body shape and size...
One of the most enduring debates within the study of religion over the last century and half has been how to make sense of the plurality of mystical experiences found in the human record (James, 1902; Zaehner, 1957; Stace, 1960; Katz, 1978; Forman, 1990; Taves, 2009). This question, however, is not new nor confined to modern academic discourse and theological speculation. There is a rich...
Patricia Sauthoff
Hong Kong Baptist University
Assistant Professor
PhD South Asian Language and Cultures, SOAS University of London
Patricia is an Assistant Professor in the department of History at Hong Kong Baptist University. She was previously Assistant Lecturer in History, Classics and Religion at the University of Alberta and a Postdoctoral Fellow on the European Research...
Psychoactives and Psychedelics in Yoga: Historical Contexts and Contemporary Culture
Stuart Ray Sarbacker, Oregon State University
In this paper, I examine the intimate relationship between the mind-body disciplines of Hindu systems of yoga and the use of psychoactive substances in the Indic religious context, with an eye to the ways in which modern cosmopolitan forms of yoga have been...
This paper presents an exploratory theoretical framework for examining the various manifestations of yoga in Latin America. It offers a comprehensive introduction to a range of specific cases spanning multiple countries in the region, dating from approximately the 1900s onwards. Linked to Proyecto YoLA®, a collaborative initiative, this paper acknowledges the contributions of experts from...
There are many studies of yoga practice and philosophy, but less of the yogins themselves. Our study, part of a larger, four-year project on yoga in Finland, investigates the worldviews of yoga practitioners in Sweden using Q-methodology. The study constitutes the pilot phase of a larger study to be conducted in Finland. The theoretical assumption behind Q-methodology is that there is only a...
Positioning yoga at the intersections of the fitness and wellness industry, therapeutic culture and the landscape of contemporary spiritualities, this contribution presents an ethnographic and micro-sociological study of the ways in which modern postural yoga is taught, transmitted and interiorized in Euro-American yoga studios today. While most of the available literature to date concerns...
ADRIANA MALDONADO GALARZA
PhD Candidate at the Open University
Abstract
As is the case in many countries, yoga initially arrived in Bolivia in the shape of books. One text stands out as possibly initiating Bolivia’s yoga tradition: ‘Autobiography of a Yogi’ by Paramahansa Yogananda. Planting interest and curiosity for yoga among a mainly Christian audience searching for new forms of...
Nestled in the rural countryside of Amealco, Mexico, the spiritual retreat center known as "Jamadi" takes its name from the native Otomí word, signifying "gratitude to the Spirit." Within this haven, the region's first Hanuman temple stands out for its unique presence, catering to yoga practitioners and SBNR (Spiritual But Not Religious) audiences. In an intriguing juxtaposition of cultures...
This paper explores the production of imaginaries and the processes of meaning-making vis à vis the politics of identity and power at the boundaries of Yogaland. Yogaland, as a spatial-temporal domain that is primarily founded on acts of imagination, is understood here as epitomising the institutionalisation of the expanding transnational modern yoga project. However, having been applied both...
Subject area: Modern yoga
This paper discusses the hitherto understudied Suddha Dharma Mandalam (SDM), allegedly the first Yoga school in Chile. The SDM was established in India in 1915 and subsequently in Chile in 1927, where it then took a hybrid form of its own. Based on documental research and interviews, the paper sets out to probe into, and contextualize, the first audience of this...
In this paper, I will explore Gandhi’s engagement with various yogas and yogic texts as a case study for the role of various yogas—a cornucopia of practices—not simply karma yoga in his sociopolitical activism. His personal observances include various facets of yoga (emotional, physical, psychological, and moral) for personal empowerment and social uplift. Gandhi affirmed the value of...
The flow of religious and spiritual ideas has proved to be constant and eclectic, as well as a dynamic means that links different regions of the globe. It has been especially intense from the second half of the nineteenth century onward. This paper will explore the noteworthy touring of the notorious theosophist C. Jinarajadasa in Latin America, with special attention to his visit to Mexico in...
Name: Marina Alexandrova, PhD
Position: Associate Professor of Instruction
Affiliation: Department of Slavic and Eurasian Studies, University of Texas at Austin
Bio: Dr. Alexandrova is Associate Professor of Instruction at the University of Texas at Austin. She teaches a variety of courses on Russian cultural history, literature, and language. Her current research interests include the...
Subject area: MODERN YOGA
In his book titled I Remember, Luis Sérgio Álvares DeRose -Brazilian yoga teacher and bestseller- narrates the story of an ancient Dravidian boy who has to abandon his land in northern India due to the invasion of an aggressive nomad tribe and who goes through an initiatic path of knowledge and transformation. But the story opens with the following quote by Jean...
As scholarship on the history of modern yoga has grown and developed in recent decades, attention has been paid to both the development of yoga in the Anglophone world, often as a presumed default, and the development of yoga in individual nations, particularly throughout Europe. This paper suggests that the development of modern yoga can be understood from the vantage point of Latin America...
The German philosopher Hermann Schmitz (1927–2021) is one of the most prolific and original phenomenological thinkers of his generation. He is perhaps best known for his work on the "felt body" (Leib), where he discovers and systematically describes several structural and dynamic traits of this phenomenological entity. These are, according to him, basically all-human (though, on a higher...
The physical body assumes a paramount role in contemporary transnational globalized yoga, particularly within the realm of modern posture-based yoga. It is inextricably linked to the pursuit of health and well-being. However, much of what constitutes yoga today, both in India and worldwide, draws its roots from Sanskrit yoga texts, particularly from Haṭhayoga texts. This presentation delves...
The ancient practice of yoga has expanded beyond its traditional realms, becoming a significant focus of interdisciplinary research worldwide. To understand this vast research landscape, we analysed data from academic journals and conference proceedings using dictionary-based content analysis and text mining analysis. These methodologies empowered us to examine research topics, revealing...
The rise of tantra’s popularity in the West, which roughly begun with the movement initiated by Osho (Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh) in the 1970s, is showing no sign of stopping anytime soon. Thus far, scholars have mostly analysed tantric practices in the West for their emphasis on sensationalised sexuality (Urban 2008), under the lens of consumerism (Padoux 2017) and as cultural appropriation...
